The perception that gold has surpassed U.S. government debt in central bank portfolios stems from a flawed comparison of market values. Much of the gold currently held by nations is a legacy of the Bretton Woods era, with the five largest holders—the U.S., Germany, Italy, France, and the IMF—having made no significant additions to their bullion stacks since the 1970s. Because these countries hold little in the way of other foreign exchange assets, gold now comprises over 80 percent of their reserves simply because its market price has climbed, not because they are actively choosing it over the dollar.

While private sector demand and inflows into physical gold-backed ETFs have pushed prices higher, central bank behavior tells a different story. When the U.S. is excluded from the calculations—as it cannot hold its own Treasuries as international reserves—the gap between the two assets remains clear. By June 2026, foreign official holdings of Treasury securities had again surpassed world gold reserves in dollar terms. Even with the ongoing accumulation of gold by emerging market central banks since 2008, Treasuries remain a cornerstone of global liquidity, with foreign investors purchasing nearly $200 billion in U.S. government debt between 2022 and April 2026.