The Bank of Japan, the Federal Reserve, and the European Central Bank have all moved to tighten policy in recent days, marking a sharp reversal from the optimism that permeated markets just a month ago. The collapse of the U.S.-Iran diplomatic pact and the Houthi advance along the Red Sea have shattered hopes for a swift energy price retreat, forcing central bankers to prepare for a prolonged period of elevated costs.

ECB Vice President Boris Vujcic noted that if inflation persists through the autumn, it will inevitably weigh on household incomes and broader GDP growth. The Fed, under newly appointed chief Kevin Warsh, underscored this defensive stance by unanimously raising rates on Wednesday, with 16 of 18 policymakers projecting at least one further increase before year-end. While the current tightening cycle is expected to be more muted than the aggressive hikes of 2022, the Bank of England is also positioning itself to follow suit. Governor Andrew Bailey cautioned that further action may be required if the conflict continues, a sentiment echoed by markets that are now pricing in multiple hikes over the coming year despite the Bank's initial decision to hold rates steady.