The investigation revealed that none of the reviewed AlertSF messages included all five fundamental elements required for effective public response: the issuing agency, the specific hazard, the affected location, actionable instructions, and the duration of the event. While national standards suggest these components are vital, San Francisco’s system frequently omits them, particularly the timeline for when an incident might conclude. In 85% of cases, residents were left without guidance on when to stop taking protective actions or when to expect further updates.

Stan Feinsod, Foreperson Pro Tempore of the 2025-2026 Civil Grand Jury, noted that the deficiency lies in process rather than technical capability. The Department of Emergency Management currently relies on case-by-case decision-making rather than established criteria, leading to issues such as citywide alerts for localized events. The Jury’s seven recommendations call for the implementation of a mandatory citywide messaging standard, the creation of formal criteria for wireless emergency alerts, and a concerted effort to expand the reach of the AlertSF platform to include visitors and commuters.