The U.S. strategy centers on the FIRST program, which provides technical capacity-building to nations transitioning toward clean energy. In Kazakhstan, officials confirmed a mutual interest in deepening cooperation during October 27 talks, even as the country moves forward with plans for three large-scale nuclear facilities currently designated for Russian and Chinese firms. American efforts focus on training local technicians to integrate U.S.-backed modular solutions into this broader development plan.

Armenia presents a more volatile environment for Western engagement. While Yerevan finalized a nuclear cooperation deal during a visit from Vice President JD Vance in February, the path forward remains contested. Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan has publicly questioned whether small modular reactors align with national requirements, a shift that momentarily bolstered Russia’s position as the frontrunner to replace the aging Metsamor plant. Despite this uncertainty, Narek Apitonyan of the Ministry of Territorial Administration and Infrastructure maintains that the United States will secure a definitive role in the country’s nuclear future.